common ground

　　（1）a great interest in the realities of life， aim at the interpretation of the actualities of any aspect of life

　　（2）what was brutal or filthy， the open portrayal of class struggle

　　（3）common people mostly depicted

　　differences（America）

　　（1）native trends in the realistic portrayal of the landscape and social surfaces

　　（2）perfect the dialect style

　　（3）concern about “local colorism”， a unique variation of American literary realism

　　3.American Naturalism： influenced by Darwin‘s evolutionary theory

　　（1）accept the more negative implications of it and use it to explain the behavior of those characters in litrary works

　　（2）inherited qualities， and habits confined by social forces are depicted

　　（3）theme： human “bestiality”， especially the sexual desire

　　（4）unpolished language

　　（5）philosophically， the truth is always partially hidden from the eyes of the inspanidual， or beyond his control

　　（6）material source from the lower ranks of society portray misery and poverty

　　（7）naturalism is evolved from realism.author‘s tone in writing is less serious and sympathetic，more ironic and pessimistic

　　Mark Twain

　　1.works： Life on the Mississippi； The Adventures of Tom Sawyer； Adventures of Huckleberry Finn （trilogy of Mississippi）； The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County； Innocents Abroad； The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg

　　2.features：

　　（1）paid more attention to the “life” of the Americans

　　（2）preferred to have his own region and people in his stories， i.e. “local colorism”

　　（3）concerned with the life of a small， well-defined region and the lower-class people

　　（4）nostalgic in a vanishing way of life and recorders of a present that faded before their eyes

　　（5）skillfully used the colloquialism， the language is simple， direct， faithful. protagonists spoke in vernacular， both realistically and symbolically

　　（6）his humor is remarkable， his humor is not only funny elements making people laugh， but a kind of artistic style to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism

　　3.Advantures of Huckleberry Finn： The climax is Huck‘s inner struggle on the Mississippi， between his affection for Jim and the laws， finally he follows his own good-hearted morality rather than the conventional village one

　　Huckleberry Finn： a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”， innocent and rebel

　　Henry James

　　1.evaluation：fluenced by Freud， pioneer of “stream-of-consciousness”， founder of psychological realism

　　2.works：The Portrait of A Lady（masterpiece）：international themes

　　3.Daisy Miller

　　narrator： Frederick Winterbourne

　　Daisy Miller： Freedom an inspaniduality， innocent， a pretty American Flirt

　　Emily Dickinson

　　1.works features：

　　（1）she uses a particular rhyme pattern， uses dashes and captical letters as a means of emphasis

　　（2）simplicity and plainness

　　（3）focus on a single image or symbol

　　（4）poems are personal and meditative

　　（5）personification